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Hodonín, nestled in the Jihomoravský Kraj (South Moravian Region) of the Czech Republic, occupies a strategic position within the Lower Moravian Basin. The city’s coordinates (48.8489, 17.1325) place it on the left bank of the Morava River, a significant waterway influencing local climate and potential pollutant dispersion. The terrain is generally flat, typical of the basin, with a slight elevation increase towards the surrounding hills. This relatively flat landscape can contribute to the trapping of pollutants, particularly during temperature inversions. Hodonín’s urban character is a blend of historical architecture and modern development, reflecting its role as a regional centre. Surrounding the city is a predominantly agricultural landscape, characterized by extensive vineyards and arable land. To the north and east lie industrial zones, including those associated with wine production and food processing, which can be sources of localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the city centre to open farmland. The Morava River, while providing a natural boundary and potential for dilution, can also act as a conduit for pollutants transported from upstream sources. The prevailing winds, often from the west and southwest, play a crucial role in air quality, either dispersing or concentrating pollutants depending on atmospheric conditions.

Hodonín’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from December to February, typically sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants from domestic heating – primarily coal and wood burning – close to the ground. Calm wind conditions exacerbate this, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Spring (March-May) brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding dispersion. However, agricultural activities, such as field preparation and fertilizer application, can contribute to ammonia emissions. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with higher temperatures, stronger winds, and increased atmospheric mixing. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to photochemical smog formation, increasing ozone levels. Autumn (September-November) sees a deterioration in air quality as heating demand increases again, coupled with the potential for stagnant air masses. Fog, common in autumn mornings, can trap pollutants. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring pollen levels is also advisable during spring and summer. Avoiding peak traffic hours can further reduce exposure.