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Náchod, nestled within the picturesque Královéhradecký Kraj region of the Czech Republic, occupies a geographically significant position at the foothills of the Krkonoše Mountains. Its coordinates (50.4169, 16.1631) place it within a valley landscape, characterized by rolling hills and a relatively gentle terrain. The city’s elevation, approximately 380 meters above sea level, contributes to localized weather patterns and influences air circulation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of grain and rapeseed interspersed with forested areas, a typical feature of the Bohemian Highlands. To the east, the Krkonoše Mountains rise dramatically, acting as a barrier that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The Elbe River, though not directly adjacent, flows within a reasonable distance, impacting regional humidity and potentially influencing the dispersion of airborne particles. Náchod’s urban character is that of a historic market town, with a compact core and a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards. While not situated directly within a major industrial belt, it benefits from proximity to larger regional centers, which can indirectly contribute to air pollution through transportation and industrial emissions. The valley setting, combined with the mountain barrier, creates a microclimate susceptible to temperature inversions, particularly during colder months, hindering vertical mixing and potentially concentrating pollutants near the ground. The agricultural land use surrounding Náchod also introduces biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can react with other pollutants to form ozone, especially during warmer periods.

Náchod’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its geographic setting and prevailing weather patterns. Spring (March-May) often sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersion. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and field burning (though increasingly regulated), can contribute to localized particulate matter. Summer (June-August) presents a mixed picture. While generally cleaner due to increased convective mixing, warm, stagnant periods can lead to ozone formation, particularly when combined with sunlight and BVOC emissions from surrounding vegetation. Autumn (September-November) frequently witnesses a decline in air quality. Temperature inversions become more common as the Krkonoše Mountains begin to trap cooler air in the valley, leading to pollutant accumulation. Agricultural activities resume, adding to particulate matter. The frequent fog during autumn mornings further exacerbates the issue by reducing visibility and trapping pollutants close to the ground. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses, coupled with frequent temperature inversions and limited wind, result in prolonged episodes of elevated pollution. Residential heating, primarily using wood or coal in older homes, significantly contributes to particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of stagnant air and fog, particularly in the mornings. During the warmer months, limiting strenuous activity during peak ozone hours (typically midday) is advisable. Awareness of local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for informed decision-making.