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Havířov, nestled within the Moravskoslezský Kraj region of the Czech Republic, occupies a geographically significant position within the historical Ostrava-Karviná Industrial District. Located at approximately 49.78°N, 18.42°E, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gently undulating landscape, a consequence of its placement within the Silesian Basin, a geological depression formed by ancient tectonic activity. The elevation averages around 260 meters above sea level, contributing to a localized tendency for cold air pooling, particularly during winter months. Havířov’s urban fabric is a relatively recent development, largely constructed in the 1930s to house miners servicing the burgeoning coalfields. This rapid expansion resulted in a planned, grid-like urban layout, typical of many mining towns. The surrounding landscape is a mix of reclaimed mining areas, agricultural land, and patches of remnant forest, reflecting the region’s industrial heritage and ongoing efforts at ecological restoration. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the city benefits from proximity to smaller streams and drainage channels, which can influence local humidity and, consequently, pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural fields and smaller villages visible within a short distance, impacting regional air quality dynamics. The city’s location within a densely populated industrial belt, coupled with its topography, creates conditions that can exacerbate air pollution challenges, particularly concerning particulate matter and sulfur dioxide emissions from historical and ongoing industrial activities.

Havířov’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter, spanning roughly November to March, presents the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, inhibiting vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. Fog, common during these months, further reduces dispersion. The burning of coal for heating in residential areas also contributes significantly to particulate matter levels. Spring (April-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers and machinery, can introduce ammonia and other pollutants. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with consistent winds and higher temperatures promoting efficient mixing. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions. Autumn (September-October) marks a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity, often resulting in localized fog and a gradual return of winter-like pollution patterns. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and early spring, limiting outdoor activity on days with persistent fog or low wind speeds. During the warmer months, while generally better, monitoring local conditions is still advisable, particularly during periods of high heat or stagnant air. The interplay of temperature, wind, and precipitation dictates the overall air quality profile throughout the year, demanding adaptive strategies for public health protection.