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Krupka, nestled within the Ústecký Kraj region of the Czech Republic, occupies a geographically complex position at approximately 50.6844° latitude and 13.8583° longitude. The town’s setting is defined by the Lusatian Mountains, a northern extension of the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory), resulting in a relatively high elevation averaging around 600 meters above sea level. This topography significantly influences local air circulation patterns. Krupka sits within a valley, which can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind. The surrounding landscape is a mix of forested slopes and former industrial areas, a legacy of the region’s historical mining activities, primarily focused on uranium and silver. While significant reforestation efforts have occurred, remnants of mining infrastructure and brownfield sites contribute to localized pollution sources. The urban character of Krupka is distinctly post-industrial, with a mix of older residential buildings and more modern developments. The town’s proximity to the Teplice industrial belt, a historically significant area for heavy industry, means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town quickly transitions to forested hills and agricultural land used for livestock grazing and crop cultivation. The Bílá Desná river flows nearby, offering some degree of moisture and influencing local microclimates, but its impact on air quality is secondary to the topographic and industrial factors. The valley location, combined with the surrounding mountains, creates a bowl-like effect that can exacerbate air pollution episodes.

Krupka’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter months (December-February) consistently present the greatest challenges. Cold temperatures lead to increased heating demand, primarily reliant on solid fuels in some households, contributing to particulate matter pollution. More critically, frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants within the valley, preventing their dispersion. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by absorbing pollutants and reducing visibility. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural activities, including the spreading of fertilizers, can introduce ammonia into the air. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warmer temperatures, stronger winds, and increased convective mixing. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to ozone formation, though this is less of a concern than particulate matter. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to more challenging conditions as temperatures cool and the likelihood of temperature inversions increases. The transition period often involves a combination of agricultural emissions and industrial activity, leading to fluctuating air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and days with stagnant air. During the warmer months, monitoring for ozone alerts is advisable, particularly during heatwaves. Maintaining efficient heating systems and reducing reliance on solid fuels during winter are crucial steps for improving overall air quality.