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Holešov, nestled within the Zlínský Kraj of the Czech Republic, occupies a strategic position in the Moravian region. The city is situated at approximately 230 meters above sea level, gently undulating terrain characteristic of the surrounding landscape. This area is part of the Upper Moravian Vale, a broad valley carved by the Morava River, though Holešov itself isn’t directly on the riverbank, being a few kilometers inland. Historically, the region was heavily agricultural, and while agriculture remains significant, Holešov has developed a light industrial base, particularly in food processing and engineering. This blend of rural and industrial activity influences local air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; immediately surrounding Holešov are agricultural fields, transitioning to forested hills further afield. The prevailing winds, often from the west and southwest, can carry pollutants from larger industrial centres to the west, impacting Holešov’s air. The valley location can also contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially during calm weather conditions. The city’s compact size and relatively low building heights generally promote some air circulation, but the surrounding topography can limit dispersion during stagnant periods. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution challenges in Holešov.

Holešov experiences a temperate continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Winter, from December to February, often sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures encourage the use of solid fuel heating – coal and wood – in residential areas, releasing particulate matter (PM) and other pollutants. Calm, stable air masses and frequent temperature inversions exacerbate the problem, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Spring (March-May) brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though agricultural activities like field preparation can contribute to dust. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to poorer conditions as heating use increases again, coupled with damp weather that can trap pollutants. Fog, common in autumn mornings, further reduces visibility and concentrates pollutants. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring pollen levels is also important in spring and summer. Avoiding peak traffic hours can also reduce exposure.