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Holstebro, situated in the heart of Midtjylland, Denmark, occupies a relatively flat coastal plain, a legacy of glacial activity during the last ice age. The city’s coordinates, 56.3595° N, 8.6208° E, place it within a temperate maritime climate, significantly influenced by the North Sea. The terrain is gently undulating, rising slightly inland, but Holstebro itself is close to sea level. This proximity to the coast means prevailing westerly winds play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, though stagnant conditions can occur. Surrounding Holstebro is a predominantly agricultural landscape, characterized by intensive farming of grains and livestock. To the east, the terrain becomes more forested, offering some natural filtration. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Holstebro is a regional hub, but quickly transitions to open countryside. While not heavily industrialized, the presence of food processing and manufacturing facilities contributes to localized emissions. The river Storå flows nearby, potentially influencing local humidity and pollutant dispersion. The flat topography and coastal location mean that temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, are a recurring feature, particularly during calmer weather patterns. This geographical setting dictates the city’s air quality challenges and opportunities.

Holstebro’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from November to February, often sees poorer air quality due to increased reliance on wood burning for heating, combined with stable, cold air masses and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap particulate matter, especially PM2.5, close to the ground. March and April bring a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though agricultural activities begin to contribute to ammonia emissions. Summer, from June to August, generally offers the cleanest air, benefiting from prevailing westerly winds and higher mixing heights. However, heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. September and October witness a return to more stagnant conditions, with falling temperatures and increased agricultural activity, leading to a moderate decline in air quality. Fog, common in autumn and winter, can further concentrate pollutants. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during prolonged periods of cold, still weather in winter and during heatwaves in summer. Monitoring pollen levels is also crucial in spring and summer. Avoiding peak traffic hours can also reduce exposure to vehicle emissions.