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Samaná, nestled within the Cibao Nordeste region of the Dominican Republic, occupies a geographically striking position on the northeastern coast. Located at approximately 19.2053° N, 69.3364° W, the city’s urban fabric is intimately interwoven with a dramatic landscape. The surrounding terrain is characterized by steep, verdant hills and valleys, a product of the Cordillera Samaná mountain range, which significantly influences local weather patterns and air circulation. Samaná Bay, a large, sheltered natural harbor, dominates the coastal geography, moderating maritime influences and creating a microclimate distinct from inland areas. The city itself exhibits a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from a concentrated urban core to scattered settlements and agricultural lands as one moves inland. The dominant land use surrounding Samaná is a mix of small-scale agriculture, primarily focused on livestock and fruit production, and tourism-related infrastructure. While there are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to Samaná, the broader Cibao Valley region supports some agricultural processing and light manufacturing, potentially contributing to regional air pollution transported by prevailing winds. The elevation varies considerably, with the city itself situated at a relatively low altitude, but quickly rising to higher elevations in the surrounding hills. This topography can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed, and the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean introduces a constant source of moisture and potential for marine aerosols, impacting overall air quality.

Samaná’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning December to April, often sees clearer skies and reduced rainfall, but can also lead to stagnant air conditions. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are more frequent during this period, particularly in the valleys, hindering pollutant dispersion and potentially increasing localized concentrations. The wet season, from May to November, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, which generally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away particulate matter. However, intense rainfall events can also lead to increased soil erosion and dust storms, temporarily degrading air quality. Wind patterns are generally easterly, bringing in maritime air, but can shift during tropical storm season, introducing unpredictable air quality fluctuations. Months like March and April, as the dry season transitions, often experience the most persistent stagnant air conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and monitoring for any respiratory discomfort. The increased humidity during the wet season can exacerbate allergies for some individuals. While the ocean breeze typically provides some relief, localized pollution from agricultural practices and vehicle emissions can still pose a concern, especially in the urban core. Overall, air quality tends to be more variable during the wet season due to the influence of weather systems.