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San Gregorio de Nigua, nestled within the Valdesia province of the Dominican Republic, occupies a geographically significant position on the island’s southern coast. Located at approximately 18.38°N, 70.08°W, the town’s terrain is characterized by a gently sloping coastal plain, transitioning into slightly more undulating hills inland. This proximity to the Caribbean Sea exerts a powerful influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of small-scale agriculture – primarily sugarcane and plantain cultivation – interspersed with residential areas and pockets of scrubland. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with agricultural activities extending quite close to the town’s periphery. San Gregorio de Nigua benefits from a moderate elevation, generally below 100 meters above sea level, which can contribute to the trapping of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. While not directly adjacent to major industrial zones, the region experiences transportation-related emissions from vehicles traversing the coastal highway, a vital artery connecting various communities. The prevailing trade winds, typically blowing from the east, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, but their effectiveness can be diminished during periods of calm weather. The coastal location also means the town is susceptible to sea salt aerosol deposition, which can impact visibility and respiratory health, though this is a natural phenomenon distinct from anthropogenic pollution. The fertile coastal plain supports a vibrant agricultural economy, but agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues, can occasionally contribute to localized air pollution events.

San Gregorio de Nigua’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality dynamics. The wet season, typically spanning from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity. This generally leads to improved air quality as precipitation effectively washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, intense rainfall events can also trigger landslides and flooding, potentially releasing dust and debris into the air. The dry season, from November to April, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures. During this period, particularly in the months of January and February, stagnant air masses and temperature inversions can become more prevalent, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. Reduced wind speeds during these months limit the dispersion of emissions from vehicles and agricultural activities. Fog, though not a frequent occurrence, can also exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants. The agricultural burning season, often coinciding with the transition from dry to wet season (March-April), poses a significant challenge, releasing substantial amounts of smoke and particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for any adverse health effects. The months of May to September generally offer the best air quality, though vigilance is still advised during periods of heavy rainfall or flooding. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and agricultural practices is key to minimizing exposure to potential air pollution risks.