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Daule, a city within the Guayas Province of Ecuador, occupies a low-lying position in the coastal plain, approximately 30 kilometers northeast of Guayaquil. Situated at coordinates -1.8667, -79.9833, its terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Guayas River delta. This proximity to the Guayas River, and its network of estuaries and waterways, significantly influences local humidity and air circulation. The city’s urban character is rapidly evolving, transitioning from a primarily agricultural centre to a more diversified economy with growing industrial and commercial activity. Surrounding Daule are extensive agricultural lands, particularly banana plantations and cacao farms, alongside shrimp aquaculture. These agricultural practices contribute to potential air quality concerns through the use of pesticides and fertilizers, and the release of volatile organic compounds. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with densely populated areas concentrated around the city centre, giving way quickly to agricultural landscapes. The coastal location means Daule is susceptible to marine influences, including salt spray and humidity, which can affect pollutant dispersion. The flat topography limits natural ventilation, potentially exacerbating pollution episodes, especially during periods of calm weather. Industrial activity concentrated around Guayaquil also impacts Daule’s air quality via regional transport.

Daule experiences a tropical climate, defined by distinct wet and dry seasons rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally deteriorates during the dry season (June to November) due to reduced rainfall, which limits the natural cleansing of the atmosphere. Dust from agricultural activities and construction becomes more prevalent, and temperature inversions are more common, trapping pollutants near the ground. August and September are typically the months with the poorest air quality. Conversely, the wet season (December to May) brings frequent rainfall, effectively washing pollutants from the air, leading to improved conditions. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mold and mildew, impacting respiratory health. February and March often see the clearest air. Meteorological factors like the prevailing winds from the Pacific Ocean play a role in pollutant dispersion, but the flat terrain limits their effectiveness. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in the late afternoon when pollutant concentrations are often highest. Monitoring local weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for anticipating pollution events.