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Kafr ad Dawwār, situated in the Al Buḩayrah Governorate of Egypt, occupies a crucial position within the Nile Delta. Located approximately 46 kilometers north of Alexandria and 80 kilometers southwest of Cairo, the city’s geography is defined by the fertile, low-lying deltaic plains. The terrain is remarkably flat, with an elevation hovering around sea level, making it particularly vulnerable to the effects of regional weather patterns and pollution dispersion. The city is closely linked to the Mediterranean Sea, approximately 20 kilometers to the north, influencing humidity and coastal breezes. However, this proximity doesn’t guarantee effective pollutant removal. Kafr ad Dawwār has developed as a significant industrial hub, particularly for textiles and agro-processing, creating concentrated sources of emissions. Surrounding the urban core are extensive agricultural lands, contributing to seasonal burning of agricultural waste. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from densely populated residential areas to farmland. This combination of industrial activity, agricultural practices, and flat topography creates a challenging environment for maintaining good air quality, as pollutants can easily become trapped, especially during temperature inversions. The city’s location within the densely populated Nile Delta means pollutants can be transported from, and contribute to, wider regional air quality issues.

Kafr ad Dawwār experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Summer (June-August) brings hot, dry conditions and often stagnant air, exacerbating pollution from industrial sources and vehicle emissions. High temperatures promote the formation of ground-level ozone, a key component of smog. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual cooling, but agricultural burning of rice straw and other crop residues becomes prevalent, significantly increasing particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) levels. This is often the worst period for respiratory issues. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which can temporarily improve air quality by washing away pollutants, but also leads to increased humidity and potential for fog, trapping pollutants near the ground. Temperature inversions are common during these months, further concentrating emissions. Spring (March-May) is generally the most favourable season, with moderate temperatures and winds aiding pollutant dispersion. However, dust storms originating from the Sahara Desert can occasionally impact air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and summer months. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak agricultural burning periods is advisable.