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Jiquilisco, nestled in the Usulután department of El Salvador, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at coordinates 13.3167, -88.5833, the city lies relatively close to the Pacific coastline, approximately 15 kilometers inland. The terrain is characterized by a gentle slope transitioning from coastal plains to rolling hills, typical of the southern El Salvadorian landscape. This proximity to the Pacific Ocean introduces significant humidity and influences local wind patterns. Jiquilisco is positioned within a predominantly agricultural region, heavily focused on sugarcane and sorghum cultivation, with smaller-scale coffee and fruit production. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields, mangrove forests along the Lempa River delta to the west, and patches of dry tropical forest. The urban-rural gradient is quite pronounced; the city centre is densely populated, while the periphery quickly transitions into agricultural land. This agricultural activity, including seasonal burning of fields for land preparation, is a key factor impacting local air quality. The Lempa River, a major waterway, also contributes to humidity and potential localised pollutant dispersion. The city’s elevation, relatively low at around 80 meters above sea level, can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Jiquilisco experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from February to May, sees a significant increase in particulate matter due to agricultural burning practices preparing fields for planting. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and stable atmospheric conditions can lead to pollutant build-up. Winds are generally calmer during this period, exacerbating the issue. March and April are typically the months with the poorest air quality. The wet season, from June to November, brings relief. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the air, and increased humidity can suppress dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants at ground level, particularly in the early mornings. December and January offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, with cleaner air and moderate temperatures. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, be mindful of potential mould growth indoors due to increased humidity. Monitoring local conditions is crucial, as short-term agricultural practices can still cause localised spikes in pollution even during the rainy months.