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Dabat, nestled within the Āmara region of Ethiopia at coordinates 12.9842°N, 37.7650°E, occupies a significant, though often overlooked, position in the country’s northern highlands. The city’s elevation, approximately 2,100 meters above sea level, contributes to a cooler climate compared to lower-lying areas, but also influences air quality through stable atmospheric conditions. Dabat is situated amidst a landscape of rolling hills and plateaus, characteristic of the Ethiopian Highlands, with limited natural drainage. The terrain is primarily agricultural, dominated by smallholder farms cultivating crops like teff, barley, and pulses. While no major industrial belts are directly within Dabat, regional agricultural processing and the transport networks supporting it contribute to localised emissions. The city’s proximity to the Tekezé River, though not immediately adjacent, influences humidity and potential for fog formation, impacting pollutant dispersion. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Dabat serves as a market and administrative centre for surrounding rural communities. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities is a persistent feature, exacerbated by seasonal wind patterns. This geographical setting creates a unique microclimate that directly affects the concentration and movement of airborne particles and pollutants, making understanding local sources crucial for effective air quality management.

Dabat experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from October to May, sees a significant increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and agricultural activities like harvesting and land preparation generate substantial dust. Strong, dry winds common during this period exacerbate the problem, carrying dust across the city and limiting dispersion. January to March are particularly challenging months for respiratory health. The wet season, from June to September, offers a reprieve. Rainfall washes pollutants from the air, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the increased use of biomass fuels for cooking during cooler evenings within the wet season can lead to indoor air pollution spikes. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of both seasons, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening air quality. Fog, particularly during the transition periods, can also contribute to pollutant build-up. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and be mindful of indoor air quality year-round. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak agricultural activity periods can further mitigate exposure.