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Mota, nestled within the Āmara region of Ethiopia at coordinates 11.0833°N, 37.8667°E, occupies a geographically significant position in the Ethiopian Highlands. The city’s elevation, approximately 2,200 meters above sea level, contributes to a cooler climate compared to lower-lying areas, but also influences air quality through stable atmospheric conditions. Mota is situated amidst rolling hills and agricultural lands, a landscape dominated by smallholder farming. The terrain is characterised by undulating plateaus dissected by river valleys, with the city itself likely built along one of these waterways, potentially the Awash River basin, though specific local watercourses require further confirmation. The surrounding area is heavily cultivated, primarily with teff, barley, and pulses. While Mota isn’t a major industrial centre, regional trade and processing of agricultural products contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Mota represents a relatively small urban hub surrounded by predominantly rural agricultural communities. This proximity means that agricultural practices – including seasonal burning of crop residue – directly impact the city’s air quality. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities is a persistent factor, exacerbated by the region’s dry periods. The city’s location within a valley could also trap pollutants, reducing dispersion.

Mota experiences a distinct wet and dry season, dictating the rhythm of air quality throughout the year. The wet season, generally spanning from June to September, brings relief from dust and particulate matter as rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. October and November mark a transitional period with improving air quality as the rains subside. The dry season, from November to May, presents the most challenging period for air quality. January to March are typically the driest months, witnessing a significant increase in dust and particulate matter due to agricultural activities and wind erosion. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler dry season nights, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening conditions. February and March are particularly susceptible to stagnant air. The warmer months of April and May see increased burning of agricultural residue in preparation for planting, leading to spikes in smoke and particulate pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly February to May. Wearing masks and keeping windows closed during peak pollution periods is advisable.