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Ābomsa, nestled within the Oromīya region of Ethiopia at approximately 8.58° N, 39.85° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ethiopian Highlands. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the region’s volcanic origins, resulting in a moderate elevation of around 2,100 meters above sea level. This altitude influences temperature and atmospheric stability, impacting local air circulation patterns. Ābomsa is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to coffee and cereal cultivation, interspersed with patches of natural forest and grazing areas. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural activities dominating the immediate periphery. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the area receives substantial rainfall during the wet season, contributing to localized humidity and potential fog formation. The surrounding landscape is largely rural, with limited large-scale industrial development within a 50km radius. However, the proximity to agricultural zones means that seasonal burning practices for land clearing and crop residue disposal can significantly contribute to particulate matter pollution. The city’s relatively small size (population 19,208) suggests a primarily agrarian economy, with limited heavy industry, though transportation related emissions from vehicles accessing the region are a factor. Topography creates localized valleys where pollutants can accumulate, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The highland climate, with its distinct wet and dry seasons, plays a crucial role in shaping the city’s air quality profile.

Ābomsa’s air quality experiences a pronounced seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical monsoon climate. The long wet season, typically spanning from March to October, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, periods of prolonged fog, common during the wet season, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized episodes of reduced visibility and potentially elevated concentrations of certain pollutants. The dry season, from November to February, is characterized by lower rainfall, increased sunshine, and a greater propensity for temperature inversions, particularly in the early morning hours. These inversions trap cooler air near the surface, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants emitted from agricultural burning and domestic sources. Agricultural practices, including controlled burns for land preparation, are most prevalent during the dry season, significantly contributing to particulate matter pollution. Wind patterns are generally variable, but during the dry season, periods of calm conditions exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly in the mornings. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although periods of fog should be considered. The transition months of February and March, and September and October, often see fluctuating air quality as the seasons shift, requiring vigilance and awareness of local conditions. Dust storms, though less frequent than in more arid regions, can occasionally impact air quality during the dry season.