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Bedēsa, nestled within the Oromīya region of Ethiopia at approximately 8.9000° N, 40.7833° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the Ethiopian Highlands. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the region’s volcanic origins, resulting in a moderate elevation that influences local climate and air circulation patterns. Surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural lands – primarily smallholder farms cultivating teff, maize, and coffee – and interspersed with patches of natural woodland, Bedēsa exhibits a distinct urban-rural gradient. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, with scattered settlements and traditional agricultural practices defining the area. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the city benefits from seasonal rainfall and groundwater resources, contributing to localized humidity. The regional position within the Oromīya zone means Bedēsa is part of a broader agricultural belt, and any agricultural burning practices in the surrounding areas can significantly impact air quality. The city’s relatively small size (population 18,187) suggests a primarily agrarian economy with limited heavy industry, though the potential for localized pollution from smaller-scale processing activities and vehicle emissions exists. Topography plays a crucial role; valleys can trap pollutants, while higher elevations may experience better dispersion, depending on prevailing wind patterns. The overall setting creates a complex interplay between natural processes and human activities affecting the air quality of Bedēsa.

Bedēsa’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Ethiopia’s broader climate patterns. The long rainy season (Kiremt), typically spanning from June to September, generally brings improved air quality due to frequent rainfall that washes pollutants from the atmosphere and increased humidity which can trap particulate matter. However, intense storms can also stir up dust, temporarily degrading air quality. The dry season (Bega), from October to May, presents a more complex picture. Initially, October and November see a gradual decrease in pollution as the rains subside, but as the dry season progresses, dust and particulate matter become a greater concern. Wind patterns during this period are often variable, sometimes leading to stagnant air conditions, particularly within the valleys, which can trap pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (December-February), can exacerbate this issue, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near ground level. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue disposal, is most prevalent during the transition periods between seasons, particularly in March and April, significantly contributing to particulate matter pollution. The months of February and March are generally periods to avoid strenuous outdoor activity, especially for vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. During the rainy season, while overall air quality is better, periods of heavy rainfall can still pose a risk of waterborne illnesses, so caution is advised. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation is crucial throughout the year.