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Āksum, nestled in the rugged highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia, occupies a pivotal geographic position in the northern part of the country. Situated at coordinates 14.1208°N, 38.7278°E, the city’s elevation of approximately 2,100 meters (6,890 feet) significantly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by steep, eroded hills and deep valleys, typical of the Ethiopian Highlands. This terrain restricts air circulation, creating pockets where pollutants can accumulate. Āksum isn’t proximate to large bodies of water; however, seasonal streams and small rivers dissect the landscape, often drying up during the dry season. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the densely populated city centre to agricultural lands dominated by subsistence farming. While Āksum isn’t a major industrial hub, local artisanal activities like metalworking and baking, alongside increasing vehicle traffic, contribute to particulate matter emissions. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities, particularly during land preparation and harvesting, is a significant source of air pollution. The city’s location within a rain shadow effect, influenced by the surrounding mountains, impacts rainfall patterns and pollutant dispersion. The historical significance of Āksum as an ancient capital also means construction and renovation activities are ongoing, adding to dust levels.

Āksum experiences a complex air quality pattern dictated by its bimodal rainfall regime. The primary rainy season, *kiremt*, from June to September, generally offers the best air quality. Rainfall effectively scrubs the atmosphere of particulate matter, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in the valleys. The dry season, *bega*, from October to February, sees a marked deterioration in air quality. Reduced rainfall allows dust and pollutants to accumulate, exacerbated by increased wood and charcoal burning for heating. January and February are typically the months with the poorest air quality. The short rainy season, *belg*, from March to May, provides a temporary respite, but strong winds can also stir up dust. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the *bega* season. During the rainy seasons, while air is cleaner, increased humidity can trigger respiratory issues in some. Monitoring local conditions is crucial, as sudden dust storms can occur even during wetter periods. Temperature inversions are most common in the cooler months, trapping pollutants at ground level.