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Ārba Minch’, nestled within the Debub Bihēroch Bihēreseboch na Hizboch region of Ethiopia, occupies a geographically striking position at approximately 6.0333° latitude and 37.5500° longitude. The city’s setting is dominated by the Gamo Highlands, a rugged terrain characterized by steep slopes, deep valleys, and volcanic formations. Its elevation, averaging around 1,840 meters (6,037 feet) above sea level, contributes to cooler temperatures compared to lower-lying areas of Ethiopia. The city is uniquely situated on the shores of Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo, two of the largest lakes within the Omo River basin, significantly influencing local microclimates and humidity levels. Surrounding Ārba Minch’ is a mosaic of agricultural lands, primarily cultivating coffee, maize, and teff, interspersed with patches of natural forest and savannah. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the burning of agricultural waste and fertilizer use. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with smallholder farms and rural settlements bordering the city limits. Further afield, the Omo National Park provides a vast expanse of wilderness, acting as a natural air filter but also potentially influencing wind patterns that carry pollutants. The city’s location within a relatively isolated highland region means that air masses tend to stagnate, particularly during certain times of the year, potentially exacerbating pollution episodes. The surrounding landscape, while beautiful, presents challenges for air quality dispersion.

Ārba Minch’ experiences a tropical savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting its air quality profile. The longer dry season, typically spanning from October to May, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and diminished atmospheric cleansing. During these months, stagnant air masses are more common, particularly in November and December, leading to a potential increase in particulate matter from agricultural burning and domestic fuel use (primarily wood and charcoal). Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath warmer air, can also occur, further hindering vertical mixing and trapping pollutants close to the ground. The wet season, from June to September, brings frequent rainfall, which naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and dust events, temporarily degrading air quality. Fog, particularly in the mornings during the dry season, can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air or visible haze. The months of January and February often present the most challenging conditions, while July and August typically offer the best air quality. Agricultural practices, particularly the burning of crop residues after harvest, are a key factor influencing seasonal variations, and sustainable farming techniques are crucial for mitigating this impact.