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Berck-sur-Mer, nestled along the Opal Coast in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France, occupies a unique and geographically sensitive position. Situated at coordinates 50.4089, 1.5933, the town’s defining feature is its direct frontage onto the English Channel. This coastal location significantly influences its microclimate and, consequently, its air quality. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the low-lying coastal plains of the region, with a gentle gradient towards the sea. Elevation rarely exceeds 20 meters above sea level, minimizing topographic barriers to air movement. Berck-sur-Mer lies within a broader agricultural landscape, with surrounding areas dedicated to arable farming, particularly beet cultivation and cereal production. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, it benefits from proximity to the wider Nord-Pas-de-Calais industrial zone, located approximately 50km inland, which can contribute to regional pollution transport. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth; Berck-sur-Mer blends seamlessly into the surrounding countryside, with scattered farms and open fields defining the immediate periphery. The proximity to the Baie d'Authie, a significant coastal lagoon and nature reserve, introduces a complex interplay of marine and terrestrial influences. Prevailing winds generally blow from the west, bringing in maritime air, but local weather patterns can be highly variable, influenced by the channel’s temperature and the surrounding landscape. The sandy soil composition also affects particulate matter deposition and resuspension, impacting local air quality dynamics.

Berck-sur-Mer’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by meteorological conditions. Winter months (December-February) often see a greater propensity for stagnant air conditions. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are more frequent, hindering the dispersion of pollutants. This can lead to a build-up of fine particulate matter, particularly from domestic heating sources and agricultural activities. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as winds increase and temperatures rise, facilitating pollutant dispersal. However, pollen levels also surge during this period, impacting respiratory health. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with consistent sea breezes effectively clearing pollutants. The maritime influence keeps temperatures moderate, reducing the need for heating and minimizing emissions. Autumn (September-November) presents a transitional period. While winds remain relatively strong, the return of cooler temperatures and occasional fog can lead to localized air quality degradation. Agricultural practices, such as harvesting and field preparation, can also contribute to particulate matter emissions during this time. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months and periods of fog. Outdoor activities are generally favoured during the summer months, but pollen allergies should be considered in spring. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor exposure.