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Bezons, nestled within the densely populated Île-de-France region of France, occupies a strategic position northwest of Paris, approximately 12 kilometers from the city center. Its coordinates (48.9261, 2.2178) place it on a relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the Parisian Basin, with an average elevation of around 35 meters. This low-lying geography, while facilitating urban development, presents challenges for air quality dispersion. The surrounding landscape is a blend of urban sprawl and pockets of agricultural land, typical of the urban–rural gradient found in the outer suburbs of Paris. Bezons is not directly adjacent to any significant bodies of water, though the Seine River flows nearby, influencing regional weather patterns and potentially impacting humidity levels. Historically, the area was agricultural, but its proximity to Paris has driven significant residential and light industrial development. This expansion has contributed to increased traffic volume and localized pollution sources. The city’s location within the broader Île-de-France metropolitan area means it is heavily influenced by regional air pollution trends, particularly those originating from Paris and its industrial belts. The relatively uniform terrain and limited natural barriers contribute to the stagnation of pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather. The urban fabric is predominantly residential, with interspersed commercial zones and smaller industrial areas, further complicating the air quality profile. The lack of significant elevation changes hinders the natural vertical mixing of air, exacerbating ground-level pollution concentrations.

Bezons experiences a temperate climate, which significantly impacts its air quality throughout the year. Winter months (December-February) often see the poorest air quality due to temperature inversions. Cold, stable air becomes trapped near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants from traffic and heating systems. Fog, common during these months, further compounds the problem by trapping particulate matter. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, pollen seasons can trigger respiratory sensitivities, impacting air quality perception for some residents. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with higher temperatures promoting atmospheric stability and increased wind speeds. However, heatwaves can lead to ozone formation, a secondary pollutant, particularly during sunny days. Autumn (September-November) presents a transitional period. Initially, air quality can be good, but as temperatures drop and wind speeds decrease, conditions become more conducive to pollutant accumulation, mirroring the winter pattern. The reliance on domestic heating systems during the colder months is a key driver of particulate matter pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air, particularly in the mornings and evenings during winter and on hot, sunny days in summer. Increased vigilance regarding air quality forecasts is recommended throughout the year, with a focus on minimizing exposure during periods of elevated pollution.