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Anglet, nestled in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France, occupies a unique coastal position between Bayonne and Biarritz, directly bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Its geography is defined by a relatively flat coastal plain, gradually rising towards the Pyrenees mountains to the south. This terrain, averaging around 10-20 meters above sea level, influences local wind patterns and contributes to potential air quality challenges. The city’s urban character is a blend of residential areas, commercial zones centered around the beachfront, and industrial activity concentrated in the northern sections, particularly near the Adour estuary. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of sandy beaches, dunes, agricultural land (primarily focused on maize and potatoes), and the foothills of the Pyrenees, which act as a partial barrier to air masses from the south. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth, with agricultural fields and smaller villages interspersed within the wider metropolitan area of Bayonne. The proximity to the Adour estuary, a significant waterway, can occasionally lead to localized odour issues and impacts on air quality, particularly during periods of low flow. The Atlantic Ocean’s influence is paramount, bringing maritime breezes that generally disperse pollutants, but also occasionally transporting marine aerosols and influencing humidity levels. The presence of the industrial belt further north, while not directly within Anglet’s core, contributes to regional pollution patterns that can affect the city’s air quality, especially during stagnant weather conditions. The Pyrenees, while providing a scenic backdrop, can also trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions.

Anglet’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm dictated by its Atlantic climate and proximity to the Pyrenees. Summer months (June-August) typically see the best air quality, driven by consistent sea breezes that effectively ventilate the city. These winds disperse pollutants generated by local traffic and industry, although occasional heatwaves can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly in the evenings. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual shift, with decreasing wind speeds and increased frequency of temperature inversions, especially during calmer periods. This can result in a noticeable increase in localized pollution. Winter (December-February) often presents the most challenging conditions. Cold, stable air masses frequently settle in the basin, leading to prolonged temperature inversions that trap pollutants, especially near the industrial zones and along the Adour estuary. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the issue by reducing atmospheric mixing. Spring (March-May) marks a transition period, with increasing wind speeds and more frequent rainfall, gradually improving air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months and be mindful of potential pollution episodes, particularly during periods of fog or temperature inversions. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the summer months or on windy days throughout the year. Avoiding strenuous activity near industrial areas and along the estuary during stagnant weather is also advisable.