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Cognac, nestled in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France, occupies a gently undulating landscape within the Charente department. Its coordinates (45.7000, -0.3300) place it on the northern edge of the Cognac region, famed globally for its brandy production. The city itself is built around the confluence of the Charente and Boignard rivers, influencing local microclimates and potentially concentrating pollutants during calm conditions. The terrain is primarily agricultural, dominated by vineyards – the lifeblood of the local economy – interspersed with patches of woodland. Cognac isn’t situated near major industrial belts, but the brandy distilleries themselves contribute to localised emissions, particularly during peak production seasons. The surrounding landscape is relatively flat, gradually rising towards the south, which can contribute to temperature inversions trapping pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; the city centre gives way quickly to expansive vineyards and farmland. This proximity to agricultural land means potential exposure to ammonia from fertilizer use, impacting secondary particulate formation. The Charente River, while providing aesthetic value, can also act as a conduit for pollutant transport, especially during periods of low flow. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating these emissions.

Cognac experiences a temperate oceanic climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Winters (December-February) often see poorer air quality due to increased wood burning for heating, coupled with temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Calm, damp conditions exacerbate this, leading to higher concentrations of particulate matter. Spring (March-May) brings improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, dispersing emissions. However, agricultural activity increases, potentially raising ammonia levels. Summers (June-August) generally offer the cleanest air, with strong winds and ample sunshine promoting pollutant dispersion. However, heatwaves can trigger ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) is marked by the grape harvest and brandy distillation, leading to localised increases in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from these processes. Fog is common in autumn and winter, further trapping pollutants. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter mornings and autumn distillation periods. Monitoring wind direction is advisable; avoid exercising downwind of distilleries during peak production. The wet season, generally autumn and winter, can help to ‘wash’ pollutants from the air, but also increases humidity, potentially worsening respiratory symptoms.