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Royan, nestled within the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France, presents a unique coastal geography significantly influencing its air quality. Situated at 45.6200°N, -1.0300°W, the city occupies a relatively low-lying terrain along the Atlantic coast, specifically the Bay of Biscay. Its elevation is minimal, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Royan’s urban character is defined by its Belle Époque architecture and status as a popular seaside resort. The surrounding landscape is a blend of maritime pine forests, sandy beaches, and agricultural land, primarily vineyards and small-scale farming. Unlike many industrial centres, Royan lacks a heavy industrial belt immediately adjacent to the city, which is a positive factor for air quality. However, the wider Charente-Maritime department does have some industrial activity further inland. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the immediate coastal strip densely populated and transitioning quickly to more rural areas. Proximity to the Atlantic provides prevailing westerly winds, which can both dilute and transport pollutants. The open coastline means Royan is exposed to marine aerosols, influencing particulate matter composition. The city’s geography, therefore, creates a complex interplay of factors affecting its atmospheric environment.

Royan’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, largely dictated by meteorological conditions and human activity. Spring (March-May) sees increasing outdoor activity and agricultural work, potentially raising particulate matter from soil disturbance and pollen counts. Westerly winds are frequent, offering some dispersion, but temperature inversions can trap pollutants near ground level. Summer (June-August) benefits from strong Atlantic breezes and higher temperatures, generally leading to better air quality, though ozone formation can be a concern during prolonged sunny periods. This is the most favourable time for outdoor activity. Autumn (September-November) brings increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the air, but also a return to heating systems, contributing to particulate matter. November often experiences foggy conditions, exacerbating pollution. Winter (December-February) is typically the period of poorest air quality. Reduced sunlight, stable atmospheric conditions, and increased wood burning for heating contribute to higher concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. Sensitive groups – the elderly, children, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; easterly winds bring pollutants from inland areas.