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Lunel, nestled in the Occitanie region of southern France, occupies a geographically significant position within the Languedoc-Roussillon plain. Located approximately 11 kilometers inland from the Mediterranean Sea, its coordinates (43.6778, 4.1361) place it within a relatively flat, alluvial landscape shaped by the Lez River. The city’s terrain is predominantly low-lying, with an average elevation of around 25 meters, contributing to potential stagnation of air pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather. Lunel’s urban character is that of a historic market town, gradually expanding outwards while retaining a distinct core of traditional architecture. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily vineyards and olive groves, characteristic of the region’s renowned viticulture. To the west, the Thau Lagoon, a large saltwater lagoon, influences local microclimates and can impact air quality through the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from algal blooms, though this effect is generally localized. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth, with agricultural activities seamlessly blending into the town’s periphery. Further afield, the industrial belt of Montpellier, approximately 20 kilometers to the east, represents a potential source of regional air pollution, although its direct impact on Lunel is moderated by distance and prevailing wind patterns. The proximity to the Mediterranean also introduces the possibility of marine influences, including salt spray and episodic episodes of Saharan dust, both of which can affect air quality.

Lunel’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by Mediterranean climate patterns. Summers, stretching from June to August, are typically hot and dry, often characterized by prolonged periods of anticyclonic conditions. This leads to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, hindering vertical mixing and resulting in pollutant accumulation. Agricultural activities, including harvesting and pesticide application, can also contribute to localized air pollution during these months. Spring (April-May) and Autumn (September-October) generally offer improved air quality, with more frequent wind events dispersing pollutants. However, autumn can also bring episodes of Saharan dust intrusion, impacting visibility and respiratory health. Winters (November-March) are comparatively mild and wetter, with occasional periods of fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce air quality, particularly in the mornings. The Lez River, while providing a visual amenity, can also contribute to localized humidity and the formation of ground-level ozone under specific meteorological conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the hot, still summer months and be mindful of potential dust events in autumn. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during spring and autumn, although monitoring local conditions is always advisable. Periods of fog in winter can exacerbate respiratory issues, so limiting exposure during these times is recommended.