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Saint-Gaudens, nestled in the heart of Occitanie, France, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pyrenean foothills. Located at approximately 43.11° N, 0.72° E, the town sits at an elevation of around 280 meters (919 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and valleys, characteristic of the Garonne River basin, with the majestic Pyrenees mountains forming a dramatic backdrop to the south. This proximity to the mountains influences local weather patterns and can trap pollutants under certain atmospheric conditions. The Garonne River, while not directly adjacent to Saint-Gaudens, plays a crucial role in the regional hydrology and influences broader air circulation patterns. The urban character of Saint-Gaudens is that of a market town, historically a centre for agriculture and now transitioning towards a more service-based economy. The surrounding area is primarily agricultural, with fields of maize, wheat, and sunflowers common sights. This rural influence means that agricultural practices, including fertilizer use and seasonal burning (though increasingly regulated), can contribute to localized air pollution episodes. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth, with smaller villages and farms interspersed throughout the landscape. The town’s location, sheltered by the foothills, can sometimes lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of calm weather, potentially exacerbating the impact of local emissions. The absence of major industrial belts directly adjacent to Saint-Gaudens mitigates some pollution risks, but regional transport corridors still contribute to air quality challenges.

Saint-Gaudens experiences a temperate climate with distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. Spring (March-May) often brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities ramp up during this period, potentially releasing ammonia from fertilizers and particulate matter from soil disturbance, leading to localized spikes. Summer (June-August) typically sees the best air quality, with consistent sunshine and generally good ventilation. However, heatwaves can create stagnant conditions and increase ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) is arguably the most challenging season. As temperatures cool, temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. Agricultural burning, though restricted, can still occur, adding to particulate matter. The Pyrenean winds, while usually beneficial, can sometimes carry pollutants from further afield. Winter (December-February) often brings cold, still conditions, increasing the likelihood of fog and temperature inversions. Wood-burning stoves, a common heating method in the region, contribute to particulate matter pollution during these periods. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of fog or temperature inversions, especially in the mornings. During the warmer months, prolonged exposure to direct sunlight should be balanced with hydration and awareness of potential ozone levels. Overall, the shoulder seasons (spring and autumn) require heightened vigilance regarding air quality, with a focus on monitoring local conditions and adjusting outdoor activities accordingly.