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Kutaisi, Georgia’s second-largest city, occupies a strategically important position in the Imereti region of western Georgia. Nestled amongst the foothills of the Greater Caucasus mountains, the city is bisected by the Rioni River, a major waterway flowing westward to the Black Sea. The terrain is characterised by a mix of rolling hills and relatively flat plains, with elevation varying significantly across the urban area. This topography influences air circulation patterns, potentially creating localised pockets of stagnant air. Historically an important industrial centre, Kutaisi’s air quality is impacted by remnants of Soviet-era factories, though deindustrialisation has occurred. Surrounding the city are fertile agricultural lands, particularly vineyards and orchards, contributing to seasonal biomass burning. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from denser residential areas to agricultural fields and forested slopes. Proximity to the Black Sea moderates temperatures, but also introduces maritime air masses that can carry pollutants inland. The Rioni River valley acts as a natural corridor for air movement, but can also channel pollutants. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Kutaisi, particularly concerning particulate matter and industrial emissions.

Kutaisi experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields, coupled with increased pollen counts. Winds are variable, sometimes dispersing pollutants, other times trapping them in the valley. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds flushing out pollutants and higher temperatures promoting dispersion. However, heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of agricultural burning, alongside increased heating demand as temperatures drop, leading to higher levels of smoke and combustion byproducts. November often experiences foggy conditions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is typically the most polluted period. Temperature inversions are common, creating a stable layer of air that prevents vertical mixing and concentrates pollutants from residential heating (wood and coal) and remaining industrial sources. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during November-February, and be mindful of peak burning periods in spring and autumn. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding activity near industrial areas is also advisable.