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Borjomi, nestled within the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia, occupies a remarkably unique geographic position. The city is dramatically situated within the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park, a sprawling protected area characterized by rugged terrain and dense forests. Its coordinates (41.8417, 43.3828) place it at an elevation of approximately 850-1300 meters above sea level, contributing to a cooler climate and often, significant fog cover. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, creating a natural barrier that influences wind patterns and can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The Borjomi Gorge, carved by the Borjomi River, defines the urban layout, with the town sprawling along its banks. This river, fed by numerous mineral springs, is a defining feature of the region and a source of local pride. While Borjomi itself is a relatively small town with a population of just over 11,000, it serves as a significant tourist hub, drawing visitors seeking the therapeutic properties of its waters and the beauty of the surrounding natural environment. The urban–rural gradient is sharp; the town quickly transitions into dense forest and mountainous terrain. Agricultural activity in the broader Samtskhe-Javakheti region, primarily focused on fruit orchards and livestock farming, can contribute to localized air quality concerns, particularly during harvest seasons and periods of intensive agricultural practices. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Borjomi, but transportation routes through the region can introduce external pollutants.

Borjomi’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by its mountainous geography and climate. Summers (June-August) are generally the most pleasant, characterized by warm temperatures, moderate humidity, and relatively consistent wind patterns that help disperse pollutants. However, occasional heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) brings cooler temperatures and increased fog, particularly in the mornings. This fog, while visually striking, can trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to periods of reduced visibility and potentially impacting air quality. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Temperature inversions, a common occurrence in valleys surrounded by mountains, frequently develop, trapping cold air and pollutants near the surface. This can lead to stagnant air conditions and a build-up of particulate matter, especially from residential heating using wood or other biomass fuels. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, and the snow melts, increasing moisture in the air and facilitating pollutant dispersion. The melting snow can also release dust and particulate matter, initially impacting air quality before conditions improve. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months and periods of heavy fog, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution times. During the warmer months, while generally good, avoiding strenuous activity during the hottest part of the day is advisable.