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Überlingen, nestled on the shores of Lake Constance (Bodensee) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, occupies a geographically significant position within the Alpine foothills. Its coordinates (47.7667, 9.1650) place it within a gently sloping terrain, averaging around 380 meters above sea level, which influences local air circulation patterns. The city’s urban character is distinctly charming, blending historic architecture with modern amenities, and exhibiting a clear urban–rural gradient as one moves away from the lakefront. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the verdant hills of the Swabian Alps to the north and east, providing a natural barrier that can, at times, trap pollutants. To the west, the expansive Lake Constance acts as a moderating influence on temperature and humidity, but also presents a potential pathway for transboundary air pollution from Switzerland and Austria. Agriculture plays a role in the regional economy, with vineyards and orchards characterizing the immediate vicinity, contributing to occasional biogenic emissions. Further afield, the industrial belt of the Upper Rhine Valley, located approximately 50 kilometers to the east, represents a potential source of industrial pollutants that can be transported westward. The lake's presence creates a unique microclimate, often characterized by fog and temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months, which can significantly impact air quality by hindering pollutant dispersion. The city’s location, therefore, presents a complex interplay of natural features and anthropogenic influences shaping its air quality profile.

Überlingen’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) often sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application, can contribute to ammonia emissions during this period. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with consistent sunshine, strong winds, and convective mixing effectively diluting pollutants. The lake’s cooling effect also helps to moderate temperatures. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition period, with decreasing sunlight and increasing frequency of temperature inversions, particularly in October and November. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of reduced visibility and potentially elevated concentrations of particulate matter. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Cold, stable air masses, frequent fog, and persistent temperature inversions severely limit vertical mixing, resulting in pollutant accumulation. Residential heating, primarily using wood or other biomass fuels, contributes significantly to particulate matter pollution during these months. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during winter and autumn mornings, especially when fog is present. Springtime agricultural activities warrant caution for those sensitive to ammonia. Overall, the lake’s moderating influence helps, but the region’s topography and climate create conditions conducive to localized air quality challenges, particularly during the colder months.