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Coswig, nestled in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, occupies a geographically strategic position within the Elbe River valley. Located at approximately 51.8833° N, 12.4333° E, the city’s terrain is relatively flat, characteristic of the North German Plain, though gently undulating as it approaches the foothills of the Harz mountains to the southwest. The Elbe River is a dominant feature, influencing local climate and acting as a potential pathway for pollutant dispersion. Coswig’s urban character is defined by its historical roots as a transport hub and industrial centre, a legacy still visible in its infrastructure. Surrounding Coswig is a mix of agricultural land – primarily arable fields – and remnants of the region’s industrial past, including former lignite mining areas. This proximity to both agricultural activity (contributing to ammonia and particulate matter) and historical industrial zones (potential for legacy pollutants) significantly impacts air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with farmland immediately bordering the city limits. The prevailing westerly winds carry pollutants from larger industrial centres further west, while local emissions are influenced by traffic and residential heating. The flat topography can exacerbate pollution episodes by limiting atmospheric mixing and trapping pollutants, particularly during stable weather conditions.

Coswig experiences a temperate seasonal climate, with distinct variations impacting air quality throughout the year. Winter (December-February) often sees the poorest air quality, driven by increased reliance on coal and wood for heating, coupled with frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Calm, cold conditions prevent dispersion, leading to elevated particulate matter concentrations. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though agricultural activities begin to contribute to ammonia levels. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, aided by prevailing winds and higher atmospheric mixing. However, heatwaves can trigger photochemical smog formation, increasing ozone levels. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period. Increased rainfall helps to cleanse the air, but falling leaves contribute to particulate matter, and the return to heating systems begins to degrade air quality. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during winter and periods of stagnant air. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution times in winter and monitoring local forecasts are recommended. Fog, common in autumn and winter, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations.