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Kintampo, situated in the Bono East Region of Ghana at coordinates 8.0563°N, -1.7306°W, occupies a transitional zone between the savanna and forest-equatorial climate regions. The city’s terrain is generally undulating, characterized by gentle slopes and low hills, reflecting its position within the broader Kwahu Plateau. This topography influences local wind patterns and can contribute to the trapping of pollutants during periods of calm weather. Kintampo is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though the Black Volta River lies within reasonable proximity, influencing humidity levels. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with significant cultivation of yam, maize, and plantain. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces particulate matter into the air through land preparation, harvesting, and the burning of crop residue. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Kintampo itself is a growing commercial hub, but quickly transitions to rural farmland. Limited industrial activity within Kintampo itself means that long-range transport of pollutants from larger industrial centres further south is a key factor in air quality. Dust from unpaved roads and construction also contributes significantly to particulate matter concentrations, particularly during the dry season. The city’s position along major transport routes further exacerbates these issues.

Kintampo experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern, heavily influencing air quality. The wet season, typically from April to October, brings relief from particulate matter pollution as rainfall effectively washes dust and other pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can foster mold growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. November to March constitutes the dry season, marked by the Harmattan wind, a dry, dusty trade wind blowing from the Sahara Desert. This period sees a significant spike in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory conditions. January and February are typically the months with the poorest air quality. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler Harmattan season, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. The transition months of March and April can be unpredictable, with fluctuating air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor activity during the Harmattan and consider using masks. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the north-east indicate the arrival of Saharan dust. Avoiding strenuous activity during peak pollution times and keeping windows closed are recommended preventative measures.