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Sunyani, the capital of Ghana’s Bono Region, occupies a strategically important position within the country’s interior, roughly 200 kilometers northwest of Accra. Geographically, the city sits on a gently undulating plateau, part of the larger Voltaian Plateau, at an elevation of approximately 330 meters above sea level. This plateau landscape is characterized by fertile, loamy soils, historically supporting extensive cocoa and yam cultivation, which continues to shape the surrounding rural landscape. The urban–rural gradient around Sunyani is relatively gradual, with agricultural fields and small villages blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. While Sunyani lacks immediate proximity to major rivers or lakes, it benefits from seasonal rainfall that sustains local water sources and contributes to the region’s agricultural productivity. The terrain, while not mountainous, does create localized microclimates, influencing wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants in certain areas. The city’s location away from the immediate coastal influence means it experiences a more continental climate. Surrounding Sunyani are predominantly agricultural lands, interspersed with smaller settlements. There are no significant industrial belts directly adjacent to the city, although some light industrial activity exists within Sunyani itself, primarily related to food processing and trading. The relatively open landscape, however, allows for some dispersion of pollutants, though this is heavily influenced by prevailing wind patterns and seasonal weather conditions. The city’s growth is largely organic, reflecting its role as a regional administrative and commercial hub, rather than a planned industrial center.

Sunyani’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its tropical savanna climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry season cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, often presents the most challenging conditions. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, which inhibits the scavenging of particulate matter. Furthermore, the lack of rain means dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads isn't washed away, contributing to elevated levels of suspended particles. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of this period, can trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the situation. The Harmattan wind, a dry, dusty trade wind blowing from the Sahara, frequently impacts Sunyani during this time, carrying fine particulate matter and further degrading air quality. The wet season, from April to October, brings relief as increased rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere. Higher humidity also helps to suppress dust generation. However, agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, can temporarily elevate pollution levels, particularly in rural areas surrounding the city. During the transition months (March and October), air quality can be variable, influenced by shifting wind patterns and the gradual change in precipitation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for any adverse health effects. Increased vigilance regarding open burning practices is also advised during the wet season’s transition periods.