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Mumford, a town in the Central Region of Ghana, sits approximately 5.26°N latitude and 0.76°W longitude, placing it relatively close to the Gulf of Guinea. The terrain is generally gently undulating, characteristic of the coastal plains of Ghana, with an elevation that doesn’t significantly impact regional air circulation. The town’s proximity to the coast introduces a constant influx of maritime air, which can both dilute and transport pollutants. Mumford’s urban character is that of a fishing and trading centre, with a population of around 18,368. Surrounding the town are areas of intensive agriculture, primarily subsistence farming, and smaller-scale fishing villages. While not a major industrial hub itself, Mumford is within reach of larger regional centres with some industrial activity, meaning long-range transport of pollutants is possible. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; moving inland quickly transitions to predominantly agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential sources of particulate matter from land preparation, burning of vegetation, and dust from unpaved roads. The coastal location also means salt spray can contribute to aerosol formation, influencing air quality. The prevailing winds, generally southwesterly, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants depending on the season.

Mumford experiences a distinct tropical climate with two main seasons: a wet season and a dry season. Air quality in Mumford is most compromised during the dry Harmattan season (November to March). This period is characterized by dry, dusty winds blowing from the Sahara Desert, significantly increasing particulate matter concentrations, particularly PM10. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, allowing pollutants to accumulate. February and March are typically the months with the poorest air quality. The wet season (April to October) generally brings improved air quality. Rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and higher humidity can suppress dust. However, localised flooding can create stagnant water, fostering mould growth and potentially impacting indoor air quality. August and September, with peak rainfall, are usually the most favourable months for outdoor activity. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occur during the transition periods between seasons, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the Harmattan and be mindful of indoor air quality during periods of heavy rainfall.