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Bawku, situated in Ghana’s Upper East Region, occupies a geographically complex and strategically important position within the country. Located at approximately 11.06°N, -0.24°W, the city rests on a gently undulating plateau, part of the larger Voltaian Plateau, at an elevation of roughly 400-500 meters above sea level. This plateau landscape is characterized by reddish-brown lateritic soils, a product of intense weathering in the tropical climate. The surrounding terrain is predominantly savanna grassland, transitioning into sparse woodland further afield, punctuated by occasional rocky outcrops. Bawku’s proximity to the Burkina Faso border (approximately 15km) significantly influences its regional dynamics and trade patterns. The White Volta River, though not directly adjacent, flows within a reasonable distance, impacting local water resources and agricultural practices. The urban fabric of Bawku is relatively compact, reflecting its historical role as a trading hub and administrative center. The urban–rural gradient is sharp, with agricultural zones dominating the immediate periphery, primarily focused on subsistence farming of crops like millet, sorghum, and maize. There are no major industrial belts nearby; economic activity is largely centered on local markets and small-scale enterprises. Topographically, the plateau’s gentle slopes can contribute to localized air stagnation, particularly during periods of low wind speed, potentially trapping pollutants. The prevailing winds, generally from the southeast during the wet season, can carry dust and particulate matter from the surrounding savanna, impacting air quality within the city.

Bawku’s tropical savanna climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures, often accompanied by periods of intense heat. This season frequently witnesses elevated levels of particulate matter, primarily dust originating from the surrounding savanna and agricultural lands. Wind speeds are often variable, with periods of calm leading to localized air stagnation and pollutant accumulation. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in colder climates, can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants near the ground. The Harmattan wind, a dry, dusty trade wind blowing from the Sahara, significantly impacts air quality during December and January, carrying fine dust particles that can irritate respiratory systems. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to a reduction in particulate matter as precipitation washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, agricultural activities during this period, including burning of crop residues, can contribute to localized smoke and gaseous pollutants. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during cooler periods, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during Harmattan winds, limiting outdoor exposure and taking precautions to protect their respiratory health. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although caution should be exercised near agricultural areas where burning may occur.