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Marathónas, nestled in Attikí, Greece, occupies a geographically significant position on the eastern coast of the Attica peninsula, approximately 30 kilometers northeast of Athens. Its coordinates (38.1500, 23.9500) place it directly on the Marathon Gulf, an embayment of the Aegean Sea. The city’s urban character is a blend of historical significance – famously the site of the Battle of Marathon – and modern residential development, catering to both long-term residents and those seeking a quieter alternative to the bustling Athenian metropolis. The terrain is characterized by a gently sloping coastal plain rising towards the foothills of Mount Hymettus, a prominent landmark dominating the landscape to the west. This proximity to the mountain range influences local wind patterns and can contribute to localized air quality challenges. Surrounding Marathónas is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily olive groves and vineyards, interspersed with scattered rural settlements. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with agricultural activity remaining visible even within the city limits. The Marathon plain itself is a fertile area, historically vital for grain production. The Aegean Sea provides a moderating influence on the climate, but also introduces potential sources of marine-derived pollutants. Industrial activity is limited within Marathónas itself, but the broader Attica region, including areas closer to Athens, contains industrial belts that can impact air quality through long-range transport. The relatively flat coastal plain can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of calm weather, while the mountains can act as a barrier, trapping air masses and influencing local meteorological conditions.

Marathónas experiences a Mediterranean climate, significantly impacting its air quality throughout the year. Spring (March-May) generally offers the most favourable conditions, with increasing sunlight and moderate temperatures, and prevailing north-easterly winds that help disperse pollutants. However, occasional temperature inversions can still occur, particularly in early spring, trapping emissions close to the ground. Summer (June-August) is typically drier and hotter, with calmer winds. This can lead to a build-up of pollutants, especially during heatwaves, as stagnant air masses become more common. Agricultural activities, such as harvesting and burning of crop residues (though increasingly regulated), can also contribute to localised air pollution during this period. Autumn (September-November) sees a return of more frequent winds, aiding in pollutant dispersion, but also bringing dust from North Africa, impacting air quality with particulate matter. The transition months of September and October can be particularly variable. Winter (December-February) is the wettest season, with rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. However, cold, still days can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants and creating poor air quality episodes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during summer heatwaves and winter temperature inversion events, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and monitoring local air quality information. The combination of seasonal wind patterns, temperature fluctuations, and agricultural practices creates a dynamic air quality profile for Marathónas.