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Néa Mákri, nestled in the Attica region of Greece, presents a fascinating case study in urban-coastal geography and its impact on air quality. Situated at coordinates 38.0833, 23.9833, the town occupies a position on the eastern Attica coastline, overlooking the Aegean Sea. The terrain is characterised by a mix of gently sloping hills descending towards the shore, interspersed with plains suitable for limited agriculture. Its elevation, relatively low-lying, contributes to potential temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. The surrounding landscape is dominated by pine forests, typical of the Attica basin, and scrubland, increasingly impacted by urban sprawl from Athens. Néa Mákri’s proximity to the larger metropolitan area of Athens (approximately 30km northeast) is a crucial factor; prevailing winds often carry pollutants from the capital towards the east, impacting local air quality. While not heavily industrialised itself, the presence of industrial zones further inland and the port activity around nearby Rafina contribute to regional emissions. The urban-rural gradient is noticeable, with denser residential areas closer to the coast and more dispersed settlements inland, influencing localised pollution concentrations. The coastal location offers some dispersion benefits, but also creates microclimates susceptible to sea breezes and humidity, affecting pollutant behaviour.

Air quality in Néa Mákri follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and regional emissions. Summer months (June-August) generally experience better air quality due to prevailing meltemi winds, strong northerly breezes that effectively disperse pollutants over the Aegean Sea. However, high temperatures can exacerbate ground-level ozone formation, particularly during periods of calm. Autumn (September-November) sees a deterioration in air quality as the winds subside and temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants from Athens and local sources. This is often the period with the highest concentrations of particulate matter. Winter (December-February) brings increased wood burning for heating, adding to particulate pollution, and potential for stagnant air masses. Fog, common during these months, further reduces visibility and concentrates pollutants. Spring (March-May) is a transitional period, with fluctuating conditions. Agricultural activities, including burning of vegetation, can contribute to localised pollution spikes. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding periods of calm are advisable. The best time for outdoor activities is generally during the summer months when winds are strong and pollutant levels are lower.