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Sérres, nestled in the heart of Kentrikí Makedonía, Greece, occupies a significant geographical position within the Serres plain. The city is built at an elevation of approximately 140 meters, surrounded by the foothills of the Rhodope Mountains to the north and west, and the Strymonas mountain range to the east. This basin-like topography, while providing fertile agricultural land, unfortunately contributes to air stagnation, particularly during colder months. The Strymonas River flows nearby, offering a natural boundary and some degree of dispersion, but its effect is limited by the surrounding terrain. Sérres is a regional hub, serving a largely agricultural hinterland – extensive wheat fields, orchards, and vineyards dominate the surrounding landscape. While not heavily industrialised, the presence of food processing plants and smaller manufacturing units contributes to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; moving just a few kilometers from the city centre quickly leads to open farmland. This proximity means pollutants generated within Sérres have limited opportunity to dissipate, increasing concentrations, especially during temperature inversions common in the valley. The city’s location within a broader European transport corridor also means some contribution from vehicle emissions.

Sérres experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Winter (December-February) typically sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures create stable atmospheric conditions, trapping pollutants from domestic heating – wood and coal burning are common – and vehicle exhaust. Temperature inversions are frequent, exacerbating the problem. Fog can also contribute to increased particulate matter concentrations. Spring (March-May) brings improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural burning of crop residue can cause temporary spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with strong winds and high temperatures promoting dispersion. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual deterioration as heating demand increases and atmospheric stability returns. October and November are often marked by stagnant air and increased particulate pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding peak pollution times is crucial for maintaining health.