Thebes, nestled in the fertile plains of Boeotia, Greece (38.3208° N, 23.3178° E), occupies a strategically vital location within Stereá Elláda. The city’s geography is dominated by its position within a broad alluvial plain, bordered to the north by the rugged slopes of Mount Parnitha and the foothills of the Helicon range. This terrain creates a natural basin, which, while providing rich agricultural land, can also contribute to localized air quality challenges. The Kifissos River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and microclimates. Thebes’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 150 meters above sea level, further exacerbating the potential for pollutant accumulation. Historically, Thebes thrived due to its access to both the coast and inland trade routes, and this legacy continues with modern transportation networks converging on the city. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive olive groves, vineyards, and cereal fields characterizing the rural gradient extending outwards. While industrial activity is limited within Thebes itself, the broader region of Attica, including Athens, lies within a reasonable distance (approximately 50-70 km), and its industrial belts and urban sprawl can influence Thebes’s air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the built environment to agricultural land, but the proximity to Athens introduces a complex interplay of regional pollution patterns.

Thebes experiences a Mediterranean climate, significantly impacting its air quality throughout the year. Summers (June-August) are characterized by intense heat, minimal rainfall, and frequent periods of atmospheric stability. This often leads to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Agricultural activities, including harvesting and burning of crop residues (though increasingly regulated), can contribute to particulate matter during this period. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual increase in rainfall and more frequent wind events, which generally improve air quality by flushing out accumulated pollutants. However, dust storms originating from North Africa can occasionally impact Thebes, particularly in March and April, significantly elevating particulate matter levels. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to more stable atmospheric conditions, with decreasing temperatures but still limited rainfall. This can lead to a gradual build-up of pollutants, especially from residential heating as temperatures drop. Winter (December-February) is the wettest season, with rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. However, periods of cold, calm weather can still result in localized pollution episodes. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during the summer months and during periods of stagnant air, limiting outdoor exertion. Agricultural workers should be aware of potential exposure to pesticides and dust during harvest seasons.