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Mytilíni, the capital of Lesvos (also known as Mytilene), occupies a strategically important position in the northeastern Aegean Sea, within the Vóreio Aigaío region of Greece. The city sprawls across a gently sloping coastal plain, backed by the rugged, volcanic terrain of Mount Lepetymnos to the west and Mount Olympos to the south. This topography significantly influences local air quality. The Gulf of Kalloni lies to the southwest, and the broader Aegean Sea provides a moderating influence on the climate, but also limits atmospheric dispersion during stagnant conditions. Mytilíni isn’t heavily industrialised, but possesses a port crucial for regional trade, contributing to localised shipping emissions. Surrounding the city are extensive olive groves, a defining feature of the Lesvos landscape, and agricultural activity, including viticulture, which can generate particulate matter from soil disturbance and seasonal burning of agricultural waste. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the denser city centre to the agricultural hinterland. The prevailing winds, often from the north and northwest, can carry pollutants from mainland Greece and Turkey, impacting baseline air quality. The city’s location within a complex island system creates unique microclimates and localised wind patterns, further affecting pollutant concentrations and dispersion.

Mytilíni experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons that heavily influence air quality. Winter (December-February) sees increased particulate matter from residential heating using wood and olive pomace, exacerbated by temperature inversions trapping pollutants in the low-lying coastal areas. Rainfall helps to temporarily cleanse the air, but damp conditions can also promote mould spore concentrations. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though agricultural burning begins, contributing to PM2.5 and PM10. Summer (June-August) is typically the period of best air quality, with strong prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and minimal heating. However, heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a return of agricultural activity and the onset of cooler, calmer conditions, leading to a build-up of pollutants. Sensitive individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during winter and autumn. Months to avoid strenuous outdoor activity are January and February. For those with asthma or heart conditions, monitoring local conditions and limiting exposure during calm, cold spells is crucial. The dry summer months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor pursuits.