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Saint George’s, the capital of Grenada, is dramatically situated on a horseshoe-shaped harbour on the southwestern coast of the island. The city’s topography is intensely hilly, built within the caldera of a long-extinct volcano, creating a complex urban landscape of steep slopes and narrow valleys. This terrain significantly influences air quality, as pollutants can become trapped in the lower-lying areas, particularly during periods of calm weather. The surrounding landscape is lush and tropical, dominated by rainforest-covered mountains and coastal mangroves. Grenada’s position in the southeastern Caribbean exposes it to the prevailing easterly trade winds, which generally help to disperse pollutants offshore. However, the city’s sheltered harbour can limit this natural ventilation. While Saint George’s isn’t characterised by heavy industry, smaller-scale workshops and the port activity contribute to localised emissions. Agricultural zones, primarily nutmeg and cocoa plantations, surround the urban core, with potential for seasonal burning impacting air quality. The urban-rural gradient is steep, transitioning quickly from dense city centre to verdant hillsides. Proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea introduces sea salt aerosols, influencing particulate matter composition. The elevation changes within the city itself create microclimates affecting pollutant dispersion.

Saint George’s experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, spanning January to May, typically sees lower rainfall and stronger trade winds, leading to generally better air quality as pollutants are more readily dispersed. However, increased dust from Saharan dust plumes, transported across the Atlantic, can elevate particulate matter levels, particularly in February and March. The transition period, June, often brings increased humidity and calmer winds, potentially trapping pollutants. The wet season, from June to December, is characterised by higher rainfall and the potential for localised flooding. While rainfall washes away some pollutants, increased humidity can promote the formation of mould and other biological contaminants, impacting indoor air quality. September and October, peak hurricane season, can bring strong winds that temporarily improve air quality but also pose risks from storm surge and debris. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during periods of high Saharan dust or following heavy rainfall. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; onshore breezes can carry pollutants from nearby sources.