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Patzún, nestled within the highlands of Chimaltenango, Guatemala, occupies a geographically significant position in the central Guatemalan altiplano. Located at approximately 14.68° N, 91.02° W and an elevation of around 2,150 meters (7,050 feet) above sea level, the city experiences a cool, temperate climate characteristic of this high-altitude region. The surrounding landscape is dominated by steep, volcanic slopes and valleys, a legacy of the Sierra Madre de Gualmala, contributing to a constrained air circulation pattern. Patzún sits within a predominantly rural area, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards. To the east, the landscape transitions into agricultural fields, primarily dedicated to maize, beans, and vegetables, with smaller plots of coffee cultivation also present. To the west, the terrain becomes increasingly rugged and forested. While Patzún itself lacks direct proximity to major bodies of water, several smaller streams and rivers flow through the surrounding valleys, influencing local humidity. The city’s urban character is defined by its traditional Mayan architecture and a relatively compact layout, with residential areas interspersed with small commercial zones. Industrial activity is limited, primarily consisting of small-scale workshops and food processing facilities. This limited industrial base, combined with the surrounding agricultural practices, shapes the city’s air quality profile, with agricultural burning and residential wood-burning stoves being key contributors to local pollution events. The topography significantly impacts air dispersion, often leading to localized pollution accumulation, particularly during periods of stable atmospheric conditions.

Patzún’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Guatemala’s tropical climate and the interplay of wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically spanning November through April, often presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, which inhibits the scavenging of particulate matter. Furthermore, agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, intensifies during this period, releasing significant amounts of smoke and pollutants into the air. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are also more frequent during the dry season, further exacerbating pollution accumulation within the valley. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate concentrations. However, periods of persistent fog, particularly in the early morning hours, can temporarily trap pollutants near ground level. Wind patterns are generally light and variable throughout the year, but during the dry season, periods of calm conditions can lead to stagnant air and elevated pollution levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor exertion and avoiding areas with visible smoke are advisable. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, awareness of potential fog events remains important, especially for those with pre-existing respiratory issues. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation is always recommended.