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Jerez, Jutiapa, Guatemala, is nestled within a landscape dominated by volcanic peaks and fertile plains, a characteristic feature of southeastern Guatemala. Situated at coordinates 14.1000, -89.7500, the city occupies a relatively high elevation, contributing to cooler temperatures than coastal regions but also influencing air dispersion patterns. The surrounding terrain is primarily comprised of rolling hills transitioning into the Motagua River valley to the east, and the Sierra de los Chiquerrillos mountains to the west. Jerez’s position within the Jutiapa department places it within a significant agricultural zone, particularly known for coffee and sugarcane cultivation. This agricultural activity, while economically vital, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from land preparation, harvesting, and the use of agricultural chemicals. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with the city centre giving way quickly to agricultural lands. The Motagua fault line’s proximity introduces geological instability, potentially contributing to dust events. Limited industrial development within Jerez itself means that regional transport corridors and larger industrial centres elsewhere in Jutiapa and neighbouring departments are more significant contributors to background pollution levels. The prevailing winds, influenced by the regional topography, play a crucial role in pollutant transport and concentration, often channeling air masses through the valley.

Jerez experiences a pronounced wet and dry season, dictating the rhythm of air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically from November to April, sees a significant increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and agricultural activities like sugarcane burning are more prevalent, releasing substantial smoke and ash. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural fields also contributes. January and February are often the months with the poorest air quality. The transition to the wet season, around May, brings a gradual improvement as rainfall washes pollutants from the air. However, increased humidity can also foster the growth of molds and fungi, potentially impacting respiratory health. The peak of the wet season, from June to October, generally offers the cleanest air, with frequent rainfall effectively scrubbing the atmosphere. However, localized flooding can disrupt transportation and potentially release pollutants from damaged infrastructure. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler, drier months, can trap pollutants near ground level, exacerbating air quality issues. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and monitor their health closely.