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Santo Domingo Xenacoj, nestled within the Sacatepéquez department of Guatemala, occupies a geographically complex position in the central highlands. The city sits at an elevation of approximately 1,750 meters (5,741 feet) amidst a landscape dominated by volcanic peaks and steep valleys. This terrain significantly influences local air quality, creating pockets where pollutants can become trapped, particularly during temperature inversions. The surrounding area is characterized by a mix of smallholder agriculture – primarily coffee and maize cultivation – and increasingly, peri-urban development extending from Guatemala City. While not directly on the shores of Lake Atitlán, the city is within its watershed, meaning agricultural runoff and land-use changes can indirectly impact water quality and, through dust mobilization, air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, transitioning quickly to agricultural lands. A key factor is the proximity to Antigua Guatemala, a major tourist destination, and the associated traffic and construction. The prevailing winds, often channeled through the valleys, can transport pollutants from both Antigua and Guatemala City, impacting Santo Domingo Xenacoj. Limited industrial activity within the city itself means that most pollution sources are transport-related or stem from agricultural practices like burning.

Santo Domingo Xenacoj experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from November to April, sees significantly reduced rainfall and increased dust mobilization from agricultural lands and unpaved roads. This leads to higher particulate matter concentrations, particularly PM10, impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions are more frequent during these months, trapping pollutants near the ground. February and March are often the worst months for air quality. The onset of the wet season in May brings a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away pollutants and suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to temperature inversions. The peak of the rainy season, from June to September, generally offers the cleanest air, though increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for some. October marks a transition period with fluctuating conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and monitor their health closely. During the wet season, while air quality is better, precautions should be taken against damp-related respiratory problems.