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San Antonio Suchitepéquez, nestled within the Suchitepéquez department of Guatemala, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s southern highlands. Located at approximately 14.53° N, 91.42° W and an elevation of around 1,500 meters (4,921 feet) above sea level, the city benefits from a relatively cool, temperate climate compared to the coastal lowlands. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, a typical feature of the Guatemalan highlands, interspersed with agricultural fields and patches of cloud forest. The city sits within a region dominated by volcanic soil, historically fertile and supporting a strong agricultural economy, primarily focused on coffee, sugarcane, and maize cultivation. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to localized air quality concerns, particularly during harvest seasons when burning of agricultural residues can occur. San Antonio’s proximity to Lake Suchitepéquez, though not directly adjacent, influences local weather patterns, moderating temperatures and occasionally contributing to fog formation, which can trap pollutants. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with small farming communities and rural settlements surrounding the city, creating a patchwork of agricultural land and residential areas. There are no major industrial belts immediately bordering San Antonio, but regional transport routes pass nearby, potentially introducing vehicle emissions into the local atmosphere. The terrain, with its sloping hills, can also influence air circulation patterns, potentially leading to localized pollutant accumulation in valleys.

San Antonio Suchitepéquez experiences a tropical savanna climate, exhibiting distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning November through April, often sees clearer skies and increased sunshine, but also heightened air quality concerns. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and the lack of wind can exacerbate the effects of any local emissions. Temperature inversions are more frequent during this period, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly in the mornings. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue disposal, peaks during the dry season, significantly impacting air quality. The wet season, from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, naturally scrubbing the atmosphere and generally improving air quality. However, periods of prolonged fog, often associated with the lake’s influence, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. During the transition months (April/May and October/November), fluctuating weather patterns can lead to unpredictable air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution times, typically early mornings. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of smoke exposure during burning periods. While the wet season generally offers respite, periods of heavy fog can still pose a risk, and awareness of local burning practices remains crucial throughout the year. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can further mitigate potential health impacts.