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Bambadinca, nestled within the Bafatá region of Guinea-Bissau, occupies a low-lying position at approximately 12.0333°N, -14.8667°W. The city’s geography is fundamentally shaped by its proximity to the Corubal River, a vital waterway that influences local climate and transportation. The surrounding landscape is characterised by a coastal plain, transitioning into inland savanna and forested areas. Elevation is minimal, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. Bambadinca’s urban character is typical of a regional trading centre, with a relatively dispersed settlement pattern reflecting the agricultural base of the region. The immediate area is dominated by rice paddies and small-scale farming, with some cashew nut cultivation further inland. While not heavily industrialised, the presence of small-scale processing facilities for agricultural products contributes to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a rapid transition from residential areas to agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural activities, coupled with the flat terrain and limited wind flow, creates conditions where pollutants can accumulate, particularly during the dry season. Dust from unpaved roads and seasonal burning of vegetation further exacerbate air quality concerns. The city’s location within a tropical climate zone means humidity is consistently high, influencing pollutant behaviour.

Bambadinca experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, roughly from November to May, is characterised by hot, dry Harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. These winds carry significant amounts of dust and particulate matter, leading to a peak in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. February and March are typically the months with the poorest air quality, posing risks to respiratory health. During this period, outdoor activity should be limited, especially for children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions. The onset of the wet season in June brings a temporary improvement in air quality as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants and suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and other biological pollutants. September and October, marking the tail end of the rainy season, can see a resurgence of localised pollution due to stagnant air and increased biomass burning for land preparation. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground. The wet season, while offering some relief, can also lead to increased respiratory issues due to dampness and mould. Monitoring local weather patterns is crucial for anticipating air quality fluctuations.