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Thomassique, nestled within the Centre Department of Haiti, occupies a challenging geographical position in the interior plateau. Situated at coordinates 19.0821, -71.8385, the town’s elevation of approximately 900 meters (2,953 feet) significantly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rugged, mountainous terrain, part of the central Haitian mountain range, and a mix of small-scale agricultural lands. Unlike coastal Haitian cities, Thomassique lacks the moderating influence of the sea, leading to more pronounced temperature swings. The urban character is predominantly rural, with a relatively low population of 42,557, and a strong reliance on agriculture – primarily subsistence farming. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to particulate matter pollution through land clearing, tilling, and the burning of agricultural waste. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; the town itself is a concentrated area of activity, surrounded by sparsely populated agricultural zones. Dust from unpaved roads and the limited use of paved surfaces further exacerbate particulate matter levels. The lack of significant industrial activity mitigates some forms of pollution, but the reliance on charcoal for cooking and heating is a major source of indoor and localised outdoor air pollution. The terrain hinders air dispersion, trapping pollutants in the valleys and lower-lying areas.

Thomassique experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality is generally poorer during the dry season (December to April). This is due to increased dust from agricultural activities, drier conditions facilitating the spread of particulate matter, and a greater reliance on charcoal for cooking and heating as temperatures drop slightly at night. Wind patterns are less consistent during this period, reducing natural air dispersion. The wet season (May to November) typically brings improved air quality. Rainfall effectively suppresses dust, and increased humidity can help settle particulate matter. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localised flooding and the spread of waterborne pollutants. August and September, the peak of the rainy season, are generally the most favourable months for outdoor activity. Temperature inversions, though not as pronounced as in larger, flatter cities, can occur during the cooler nights of the dry season, trapping pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and be mindful of charcoal smoke exposure year-round. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding peak agricultural burning times is advisable.