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Corail, nestled within the Grand’Anse department of Haiti, occupies a geographically significant position along the southwestern coast. Situated at approximately 18.5677° N, 73.8894° W, the city’s location is characterized by a gently sloping terrain transitioning from the coastal plain towards the interior highlands. The immediate surroundings are dominated by a mix of agricultural land, primarily sugarcane fields and small-scale farming plots, and scattered pockets of coastal scrub vegetation. The proximity to the Caribbean Sea exerts a powerful influence on Corail’s climate and, consequently, its air quality. Prevailing trade winds, while generally providing ventilation, can also carry marine aerosols and, occasionally, pollutants from distant sources. The urban fabric of Corail is relatively compact, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves inland. There are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to Corail, however, the broader Grand’Anse region supports some light manufacturing and processing activities, primarily related to agriculture. The elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level, which limits atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape, a blend of cultivated fields and coastal features, contributes to a unique microclimate. The coastal breezes interact with the topography, creating localized variations in air flow and potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The city’s dependence on charcoal for cooking and heating, a common practice in Haiti, represents a significant localized source of particulate matter.

Corail’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality dynamics. The wet season, typically spanning from April to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity. While rainfall naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by scavenging pollutants, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The frequent showers also lead to increased mold and mildew growth, impacting indoor air quality. The dry season, from November to March, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures. During this period, the lack of precipitation allows for the accumulation of pollutants, particularly particulate matter from agricultural burning and domestic charcoal use. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially during calmer periods. Wind patterns are crucial; consistent trade winds generally disperse pollutants, but periods of reduced wind speed, often coinciding with the transition between seasons, can lead to localized air quality degradation. The months of January and February, within the dry season, often experience the most stagnant air conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor exertion and ensuring adequate ventilation indoors. Agricultural practices, particularly the burning of crop residue, are a significant contributor to seasonal pollution spikes, often occurring at the start of the dry season. Public health messaging should emphasize responsible burning practices and promote alternative cooking fuels.