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Dondon, nestled in the Nord department of Haiti, occupies a geographically complex position within the country’s northern peninsula. Situated at coordinates 19.5273, -72.2434, the city is characterized by a rugged, mountainous terrain typical of the Massif du Nord. This mountainous backdrop significantly influences local air quality, creating pockets of stagnant air and hindering pollutant dispersion. Dondon’s elevation, approximately 400 meters above sea level, contributes to cooler temperatures compared to coastal areas, but also increases the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The city lies inland, roughly 15 kilometers from the Atlantic coastline, meaning direct marine influences on air composition are lessened, though sea breezes can occasionally offer temporary relief. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with small-scale farming of crops like coffee, cacao, and fruits being prevalent. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces particulate matter from land tilling and potential burning of agricultural waste. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Dondon itself is a concentrated settlement, quickly transitioning to rural farmland and forested hillsides. Limited industrial activity within Dondon itself means that regional transport and agricultural practices are the primary drivers of air pollution, rather than concentrated industrial emissions. The city’s position within a valley further exacerbates the challenges of air circulation.

Dondon experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Dondon is most compromised during the dry season, typically from December to April. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, allowing pollutants from agricultural activities and vehicle emissions to accumulate. The Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara Desert, can transport dust and sand, further degrading air quality during this period. February and March are often the most challenging months for respiratory health. Conversely, the wet season, spanning May to November, generally brings improved air quality. Frequent rainfall washes away particulate matter, and increased humidity can suppress dust. However, the wet season also brings increased mold spore counts, potentially triggering allergic reactions. September and October, peak months for rainfall, offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity. Temperature inversions, common in the cooler mornings of the dry season, trap pollutants at ground level, worsening conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and monitor their health closely. Local burning of vegetation for land preparation after the rainy season can cause temporary spikes in pollution during the transition months.