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Milot, nestled in the Nord department of Haiti (coordinates 19.6084, -72.2132), occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s northern landscape. The city’s setting is dramatically defined by its location at the foot of the Massif du Nord, a rugged mountain range that dominates the regional topography. This proximity to the mountains influences Milot’s microclimate and air circulation patterns. The terrain is characterized by steep slopes and valleys, leading to varied elevation within the city limits, impacting local wind flow and potential for pollutant accumulation in lower-lying areas. Milot sits near the Bassin du Nord, a vital watershed and agricultural region, contributing to both the area’s economic activity and potential sources of air pollutants, particularly from agricultural practices. The urban–rural gradient around Milot is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into agricultural lands and forested slopes. While not directly on a major river, the presence of smaller streams and springs contributes to local humidity. The surrounding landscape is a mix of cultivated fields (primarily sugarcane and bananas), small-scale farming, and patches of remnant forests on the steeper slopes. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Milot, but the city serves as a regional market town, with increased vehicular traffic contributing to localized air pollution. The mountainous terrain can also trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather, creating localized air quality challenges.

Milot’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality dynamics. The wet season, typically spanning from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity. While rain naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The dry season, from November to April, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and calmer wind conditions. During this period, temperature inversions – where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground – are more likely to occur, particularly in the valleys surrounding Milot, leading to stagnant air and increased concentrations of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, is most prevalent during the transition periods between seasons, significantly impacting air quality. The months of January and February often experience the poorest air quality due to a combination of dry conditions, temperature inversions, and agricultural activities. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods. The increased humidity during the wet season can also trigger mold growth, further impacting indoor air quality. While the prevailing winds generally blow from the northeast, their strength and direction can vary, influencing the dispersion of pollutants from local sources. Fog, particularly during the cooler months, can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and worsening air quality.