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Casale, situated in the Ouest department of Haiti at coordinates 18.7999, -72.3828, is a municipality deeply embedded within a complex topographical and climatic setting. The city’s location is characterised by a blend of coastal plains and the foothills of the mountainous interior, a landscape heavily influenced by the Caribbean Sea. This proximity to the sea introduces significant humidity and potential for salt spray, impacting local microclimates. Casale’s elevation, while not extreme, contributes to variations in temperature and air circulation. The surrounding region is predominantly agricultural, with small-scale farming of crops like coffee, mangoes, and subsistence staples. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from land clearing and crop burning. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Casale representing a concentrated population centre amidst a largely rural backdrop. The lack of extensive industrial belts within the immediate vicinity suggests that the primary air quality concerns are likely linked to domestic fuel use, transportation, and agricultural practices. The prevailing winds, influenced by the island’s orography, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants within the city basin, and the terrain can trap air masses, exacerbating pollution episodes. Understanding these geographical factors is paramount to addressing Casale’s air quality challenges.

Air quality in Casale follows a pattern dictated by Haiti’s tropical climate, primarily defined by wet and dry seasons rather than traditional four seasons. The dry season, typically spanning December to April, witnesses a peak in particulate matter pollution. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased reliance on burning for cooking and waste disposal contributes to higher concentrations of smoke and soot. Temperature inversions, common during the calmer dry season mornings, trap pollutants near ground level. Conversely, the wet season (May to November) generally offers improved air quality. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and higher humidity can suppress dust. However, the wet season also brings the risk of flooding, which can mobilise pollutants from contaminated areas. August and September, coinciding with the peak of the hurricane season, can experience periods of stagnant air and localised pollution build-up if storms disrupt normal wind patterns. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in the mornings. During the wet season, be mindful of potential waterborne contaminants following heavy rainfall. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; pollutants often accumulate in valleys and sheltered areas.