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Léogâne, situated in the Ouest department of Haiti at coordinates 18.5108, -72.6339, occupies a challenging geographical position. The city lies in a coastal plain, relatively low-lying, and is bordered by the mountainous terrain of the Chaîne des Montagnes Noires to the south and east. This topography significantly influences air quality; the mountains act as barriers to atmospheric circulation, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. Léogâne’s proximity to the Gulf of Gonâve, just a few kilometers to the west, introduces a constant sea breeze, which can both disperse and transport pollutants depending on prevailing wind directions. The surrounding landscape is a mix of small-scale agriculture – primarily subsistence farming of crops like mangoes, bananas, and coffee – and increasingly, informal settlements. While Léogâne isn’t characterized by heavy industry, the presence of small workshops, charcoal production (a major energy source), and vehicle traffic contribute to localized emissions. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; the city centre is densely populated, transitioning quickly to rural agricultural lands. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities, combined with the coastal location, creates a unique air quality profile. The post-earthquake reconstruction efforts have also added to particulate matter in the air, stemming from demolition and construction activities. This combination of factors makes Léogâne particularly vulnerable to air pollution.

Léogâne experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (April to November) due to rainfall scavenging particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. The driest months, December to March, consistently present the poorest air quality. This is driven by increased dust from agricultural activities, charcoal burning for cooking and heating, and vehicle emissions, all exacerbated by the lack of rainfall to suppress these pollutants. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara Desert, can occasionally transport dust plumes across the Atlantic, further degrading air quality during these months. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are common during the dry season, concentrating pollutants. February and March are typically the most challenging months for those with respiratory sensitivities. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with asthma – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these periods. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; winds from the north and northeast often carry pollutants from Port-au-Prince, impacting Léogâne’s air. Avoiding peak traffic hours and using masks when exposed to dust can offer some protection.