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Côtes de Fer, nestled within Haiti’s Sud-Est department, occupies a geographically complex position along the southern coast. Located at approximately 18.1887° N, 73.0029° W, the city’s name, translating to ‘Iron Coasts,’ hints at the rugged, iron-rich terrain that characterizes much of the surrounding landscape. The city’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to a humid, tropical climate and influencing local air circulation patterns. It sits near the coast, benefiting from proximity to the Caribbean Sea, which moderates temperatures but also introduces maritime influences on air quality, including salt spray and potential for coastal fog. The surrounding region is a mosaic of small-scale agriculture, primarily subsistence farming focused on crops like maize, beans, and plantains, interspersed with patches of dry forest and scrubland. This agricultural activity, while vital for local livelihoods, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons. Further inland, the terrain rises gradually, forming low hills that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Côtes de Fer transitions quickly from a concentrated settlement to agricultural lands and natural vegetation. There's limited evidence of large-scale industrial belts nearby, but smaller-scale artisanal industries, potentially involving wood processing or metalworking, could be localized sources of air pollution. The prevailing winds, often easterly trade winds, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants, depending on their strength and direction relative to the city’s layout.

Côtes de Fer experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern typical of tropical climates, significantly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, generally spanning from December to April, often sees a reduction in overall pollution levels due to lower humidity and less frequent rainfall. However, this period can also be marked by increased dust from agricultural activities and the potential for temperature inversions, particularly in the early morning hours. These inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating respiratory issues. The wet season, from May to November, brings frequent rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter. However, heavy downpours can also lead to increased runoff carrying soil and pollutants into the air, and the increased humidity can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone under specific conditions. Months like July and August, coinciding with the peak of the rainy season, generally offer the best air quality. Conversely, February and March, during the transition from dry to wet season, can present challenging conditions due to the combination of reduced rainfall and potential temperature inversions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, but awareness of potential runoff-related pollution is still advised.